托福阅读真题（如何正确对待托福阅读加试）

：暂无数据 2025-06-19 05:00:08 ：0

本篇文章给大家谈谈托福阅读真题，以及如何正确对待托福阅读加试对应的知识点，文章可能有点长，但是希望大家可以阅读完，增长自己的知识，最重要的是希望对各位有所帮助，可以解决了您的问题，不要忘了收藏本站喔。

本文目录

如何正确对待托福阅读加试
托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译part3
托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:BreathingDuringSleep
托福阅读TPO33(试题+答案+翻译)第3篇:灭绝事件
托福阅读考题中哪些话题最经典
详解托福阅读的解题技巧和训练方法
求托福阅读100篇文本的中文翻译
tpo和托福真题的区别
托福阅读真题:TPO11原文及答案
托福TPO3阅读真题原文及答案翻译Part3

如何正确对待托福阅读加试

我们都知道托福考试的阅读一般是有3篇，但是有时候会出现加试情况，也就是你需要做4篇阅读，我们应该如何对待这种突发情况呢？

由于加试会导致考试时间延长20分钟，题目也增多了，但却对考试分数得益不大，甚至可能倒扣分，所以很多人都非常讨厌托福的加试。并且托福不止阅读部分，听力也会有加试的情况。

那么为什么要有加试这种让人讨厌的情况呢？因为托福会将加试作为一种权衡考试难度的方法，来看看这次的题目会不会过于简单或者过于困难。虽然空降试题不计入最终成绩，但是实际上会对你的托福成绩产生影响，具体影响是什么呢？我们具体看一下：

当加试正确率比其他阅读考试题目高时，会给一些加试题目做得好，但是其他阅读题目低分的同学加分，因为ETS（美国教育考试服务中心）会认为这是本次考试试卷题目较难的表现，所以为了权衡考试成绩，会将最后分数往高处调整；
比较悲催的情况是，当加试正确率比其他阅读考试题目低时，他们会认为考试题目相对容易了，所以导致很多考生得到了高分，这时ETS会给加试题目做得不好，但是其他阅读考试题做得很好的人降分；
第三种情况是当本次考试中两者的的正确率持平时，说明了这次的题目难度刚刚好，理所当然就不会对任何人的最终成绩有影响。

现在我们知道了加试对托福考试成绩的影响，那么我们应该如何正确对待托福阅读加试呢？

调整心态

你要知道一点，托福阅读加试题的出现是随机的，和你答的试卷水平怎样无关，而且不只是加试时间随机，连题目都有可能是随机顺序的。这么说可能不直观，我来解释一下，同一个考场里，不同考生遇到的文章顺序可能不一样，而且加试题也不会给你单独标记出来。我们考试时只会看到阅读题目从3篇变成了4篇，你根本不知道哪一篇是加试题。在这个时候，我们千万要调整心态，因为可能连续做4篇会觉得疲惫，但是我们要认真对待每道题，不要抱有侥幸心理，也不要过多担心。

考前做好相关练习

考试的时候调整好心态，考前就需要我们好好做练习了。这样就可以保证我们在考试的时候不会出现兵荒马乱的情况。所以我建议在平时做模拟题的时候，可以尝试给自己多加一篇阅读，增强做题的耐力值。或者你可以练习限制单做一篇阅读的时间，这样你就可以在突然加试的时候，化被动为主动，一一击破每个难题。这样练习下来，当你真正考试，发现只有三篇阅读的时候，就会很轻松了。

最后祝福看到整篇回答的人在学习英语的路上顺顺利利，获得好成绩，收获自己想要的人生。

如果我的答案对你有帮助，请不要忘记给我点个赞和关注！也欢迎大家来一起讨论~

托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译part3

　　相信备考托福的同学都知道托福TPO的重要性，为了方便大家备考，下面我给大家整理出托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译，希望大家喜欢。

托福TPO1阅读真题原文Part3

　　Timberline Vegetation on Mountains

　　The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.

　　The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regi***. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regi*** to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.

　　At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.

　　There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can **other trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.

　　Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra c***ists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt **all snowdrifts.

　　The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground su***ce. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the su***ce is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.

　　Paragraph 1: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often adramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.

　　 托福TPO1阅读真题题目Part3

　　1. The word "dramatic" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○gradual

　　○complex

　　○visible

　　○striking

　　2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?

　　○In an area that has little water

　　○In an area that has little sunlight

　　○Above a transition area

　　○On a mountain that has on upper timberline.

　　3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?

　　○Both are treeless zones.

　　○Both mark forest boundaries.

　　○Both are surrounded by desert areas.

　　○Both suffer from a lack of moisture.

　　Paragraph 2: The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regi***. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regi*** to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.

　　4. Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?

　　○They cannot grow in cold climates.

　　○They do not exist at the upper timberline.

　　○They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.

　　○They do not require as much moisture as evergreens do.

　　Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.

　　5. The word "attain" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○require

　　○resist

　　○achieve

　　○endure

　　6. The word "they" in the passage refers to

　　○valleys

　　○trees

　　○heights

　　○ridges

　　7. The word "prone" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○adapted

　　○likely

　　○difficult

　　○resistant

　　8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?

　　○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys

　　○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.

　　○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.

　　○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics.

　　Paragraph 4：There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can **other trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.

　　9. Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　○Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.

　　○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.

　　○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.

　　○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.

　　10. In paragraph 4, what is the author’s main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?

　　○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.

　　○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanati***

　　○To explain why the primary environmental factor resp***ible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified

　　○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon

　　Paragraph 6: The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground su***ce. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the su***ce is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is lessprevalent.

　　11. The word "prevalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○predictable

　　○widespread

　　○successful

　　○developed

　　12. According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:

　　○Because they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.

　　○Because they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.

　　○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.

　　○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.

　　Paragraph 5: Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra c***ists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt **all snowdrifts. █

　　13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　14. Directi***: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.

　　●

　　Answer choices

　　○Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.

　　○There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.

　　○The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.

　　○The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.

　　○High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.

　　○Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures

　　 托福TPO1阅读真题答案Part3

　　答案：

　　1. ○4

　　2. ○1

　　3. ○2

　　4. ○3

　　5. ○3

　　6. ○2

　　7. ○2

　　8. ○1

　　9. ○3

　　10. ○4

　　11. ○2

　　12. ○3

　　13. ○4

　　14. There is no agreement among…

　　Despite being adjacent …

　　The geographical location of…

　　托福TPO1阅读真题Part3原文翻译

　　山上树带界线的植被

　　通常从山坡上的森林到没有树的苔原是一种非常戏剧化的转变。在一个垂直距离只有几十米的地方，树木这种生命形式就消失了，取而代之的是低矮的灌木、草本植物和牧草。这种快速过渡的区域被称为上行树带界线或林木线。在许多干旱的地区存在着下行树带界线，在这里由于缺乏水分森林变成干草原，甚至在最下端会出现沙漠。

　　上行树带界线，和雪线一样，在热带最高，在极地最低。从极地地区的海平面到干燥的亚热带地区的海拔4 500米处以及潮湿的热带地区海拔3 500米至4 500米处都有上行树带界线。树带界线内通常是常绿树，它们和处于上行树带界线处极端恶劣环境中生长的落叶树木相比，具有一定的优势。然而，在部分地区也有由落叶阔叶林组成的树带界线。例如，在喜马拉雅的部分地区，桦树就在树带界线上。

　　上行树带界线的树木开始扭曲和变形，尤其在中高纬度地区的树木，这些地区的树木往往会在山脊上长得更高，而在热带地区的树木则在山谷里长得更高;因为中高纬度地区树带界线受积雪覆盖时间和深度的影响很大。由于山谷中积雪覆盖较厚且持续时间很长，树木即便是生长在大风和贫瘠的土地里，也往往会在山脊上长得更高。在热带地区山谷里更有利于生长，因为山谷不易干涸、很少结霜，并且有更深的土壤。

　　目前还没有一个普遍认同的解释来说明为什么会在树带界线上出现树木停止生长这种戏剧化的现象。多种环境因素都起到作用，例如，积雪过多会让树木透不过气，雪崩和雪移能摧毁树木;长时间积雪缩短了有效生长季节的时间，树苗无法生长;另外，风速会随着海拔的升高而增加，增加树木承受的压力，很明显，正是这种风速带来的压力导致树木在高纬度地区发生变形。一些科学家提出，随着海拔的上升而不断增强的紫外线、野生山羊等动物的放养，都是导致树带界线形成的因素。或许最重要的环境因素是温度，因为如果生长季节太短并且气温太低，树芽和树苗都无法充分地成长而存活过冬季。

　　在林木线之上有一个称为高山苔原的地带。由于紧挨着树带界线，苔原上都是矮灌木、草本植物和牧草。随着海拔的增加，物种的数量和多样性会逐渐减少，直到出现大量空地伴着零星的苔藓和地衣这样的伏地垫状植物。有些植物甚至可以在雪线以上有利的微环境中生存，世界上海拔最高的植物是出现在喜马拉雅山上6 100百米的马卡鲁峰。在这个高度上，被阳光温暖过的岩石可以将小雪堆融化。

　　高山植物最突出的特点是其低矮的生长形态。这种特点使他们能够避开大风最强势的势头，并且有助于他们利用紧邻地面相对较高的温度。在这样一个低温限制生命的地区，地表提供的额外温度是至关重要的。低矮的生长形态也可以帮助植物充分利用冬季积雪所提供的保温环境。在赤道区的山脉上低矮的生长形态并不常见。

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托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:BreathingDuringSleep

为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Breathing During Sleep，希望大家喜欢!

托福阅读原文

【1】Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, ****** the contracti*** of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.

【2】During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subc***ciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.

【3】During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less resp***ive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechani**s. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.

【4】But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like ****ing air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interacti*** among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.

【5】Other respiratory regulating mechani**s apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditi***, resulting in the c***iderable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.

【6】Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.

托福阅读试题

1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?

A.During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.

B.The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.

C.The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.

D.The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage.

2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:

A.It has its control center in the brain stem.

B.It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness.

C.It is able to bypass the automatic system.

D.It produces an irregular breathing pattern.

3.The word exclusive in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

A.c***istent

B.perfect

C.partial

D.sole

4.According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins?

A.The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges.

B.Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.

C.An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.

D.The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly.

5.What is the author’s purpose in stating that inhaling is like ****ing air out of a balloon?(in paragraph 4)

A.To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleep.

B.To argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleep.

C.To illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleep.

D.To illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleep.

6.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPT

A.relaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory system.

B.changes in resistance between the two sides of the nose.

C.easier airflow in the passages of the upper airway.

D.absence of certain complex muscle interacti***.

7.According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?

A.There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.

B.The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.

C.The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.

D.The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.

8.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person to

A.increase the breathing effort.

B.wake up and remove the source of irritation.

C.cough while still sleeping.

D.stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping.

9.The word c***iderable (paragraph 5)meaning to

A.significant.

B.Steady.

C.Usual.

D.necessary.

10.The word resume in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

A.reduce.

B.stop.

C.readjust.

D.restart.

11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 6)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.

B.Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.

C.Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.

D.Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM.

12. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. To better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general.

paragraph1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, ****** the contracti*** of the diaphragm more important. 【B】 However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.

paragraph3: 【D】The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subc***ciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.

13.Directi***: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.

A.The role of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases.

B.Carbon dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops.

C.The coughing reflex is extremely complex.

D.A great deal of effort is used for breathing.

E.Upper airways are resistant to colds and allergies.

F.There is a drop in the volume of air that is exchanged.

G.Automatic and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved.

1 )

Wakefulne

A B C D E F G

2 )

Sleep

A B C D E F G

托福阅读答案

1.以diaphragm做关键词定位至第三句和第四句，说ribcage运动变少，使得diaphragm更重要，但stomach的压力使得diaphragm工作起来更困难，B是正确答案。A的increased movement of the rib cage和C的需要pressure都与原文相反;D说diaphragm contributes to原文没有说。

2.EXCEPT题，排除法。A的centered in brain stem做关键词定位至第一句，但原文说这个特点是属于automatic，metabolic system的，而voluntary的center是在forebrain，所以A错，选;B的a number of activities做关键词定位至倒数第二句的一大堆活动，所以B正确，不选;C的bypass the automatic system和D的irregular breathing pattern做关键词都定位至最后一句，都正确，不选。

3.exclusive仅有，只有，排他，所以正确答案是sole。从单词本身看，include→exclude→exclusive，所以一定能得出排他之意。原句说在NREM期间，automatic系统怎么控制breathing，使得氧的需求量减少，前面一直在说两个系统，现在氧的需求量减少了，肯定是有系统不干活了，所以就是只有automatic在干活，所以答案是D只有。A持续、B完美，都不靠谱，C的partial刚好与原文意思相反，也不选。

4.此题关键词难找，可以顺序向下看，也可以用排除法，如果顺序向下看的话，会看到第一点说的是当sleeper在睡与醒之间摇摆的时候，发生了呼吸cessation，也就是stop，所以正确答案是B，stop for a short time。C和D一个说氧上升一个说二氧化碳下降，是一回事，都不是在睡觉期间发生的，所以都反了，而且两个一样的也都不选，A没说。

5.修辞目的题，先看修辞点所在的句子，但原句整个都是一个例子，往前看。前一句仍然在说肌肉relax的事情，因此也是例子，所以看开头，开头说air passage在睡觉期间变了很多紧接着就解释睡觉期间呼吸很难，也就是开头所指的变化是睡觉的时候呼吸变难，所以正确答案是C。A的refute与原文相反;B的比较和D的prevent blockage原文都没说。

6.EXCEPT题，排除法。A的relaxation of the muscles做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选;B的two sides of the nose做关键词定位至倒数第三句，正确，不选;C的upper airway做关键词定位至第三句，但答案的easier airflow原文完全没说，C错，选;D的complex muscle interaction做关键词都定位至最后一句，正确，不选。

7.以inhaling is difficult做关键词定位至第二句，但这句只说了difficult的事儿，没说发生了什么，往下看。下句说NREM期间什么adjustment都没有，只有在inadequate breaths之后才adjust，所以答案是B。A是wakeful时候才有的;C的因果关系原文没说;D完全没说。

8.以irritation做关键词定位至最后一句，说如果irritation太严重，睡着的人就会醒，按照正常的叙述顺序应该是先叙述mild的情况，前一句果然在说coughing reflex没产生cough，而产生了cessation of breathing，呼吸停止的状况，所以答案是D。C与原文相反;B是severe的时候才有的，A没说。

9.c***iderable可观的，相当的，重要的，所以正确答案是significant。从单词本身看，c***ider的考虑的意思是很常见的，加形容词词尾able变为值得考虑的，所以也是significant。原文说在若干次inadequate breaths之后，二氧化碳含量怎么上升氧气含量下降，才能调整breathing，一般我们说显著的变化，所以答案A，其他答案都不靠谱。

10.resume重新开始，再继续，所以正确答案是restart。原句说如果irritation太严重了，睡着的人会醒来，清理呼吸道，并且怎么呼吸，前一句都说了因为irritants呼吸停止，然后醒来，当然清理完就继续呼吸了呗，答案是D。A和B完全不靠谱，如果选C，之前应该adjust一次，但之前从来没说irritation严重的时候有先调整一次，所以C错。

11.原句的结构是exchange lower是因为blabla，所以正确答案是A，因果关系和结构都正确。其他答案都没提到exchange lower这个主干，而且B把原文非主干的部分变成了主干;C结果搞乱;D逻辑关系错。

12.两个过渡点，名词respiration和连词however。根据respiration可以初步确定答案是B或者C，但根据however断定B不对，因为两个however不能连续出现，所以正确答案是C。

13.第一段和第二段在讲wakeful部分，其余在讲sleep部分。The role选项对应第一段第三句，属于wakeful部分。Carbon dioxide选项对应第五段第四句，二氧化碳多氧少，属于sleep部分。The coughing选项原文没说reflex复杂，不属于任何一列，不选。A great deal选项对应原文第四段第三句，属于sleep部分。Upper airways选项原文没说，不选。There is选项对应原文第六段第二句，属于sleep部分。Automatic选项对应原文第二段首句，属于wakeful部分。

托福阅读译文

【1】关于人类睡觉和清醒时生理状态的差异在过去的十年里已被发现，在所有的这些差异中，呼吸系统控制方面的变化尤其引人注目。不仅是呼吸系统运作水平有差异，在如何运作方面也出现了变化。胸腔所做的呼吸运动在睡觉时会减少，使得横膈膜的收缩变得更为重要。然而由于躺下来的物理作用，胃部压迫横膈膜使得横膈膜难以工作。不管怎样，睡眠时还有很多其他的变化影响着呼吸。

【2】清醒的时候，呼吸受到两个互相影响的系统的控制。第一个是自动的新陈代谢系统，它的控制中心在脑干。它会潜意识的调整呼吸频率和深度来控制二氧化碳和氧气的浓度以及血液中的酸碱比。第二套系统是自发行为系统。它的控制中心在前脑，调节说话、唱歌、叹息等行为时的呼吸。它能忽略或无视自动新陈代谢系统并且产生无规律的呼吸模式。

【3】在NMER(睡觉时没有快速眼部活动的阶段)这个阶段中，呼吸会变得更深更有规律，但是呼吸频率会降低，导致总体空气交换减少。发生这个是因为在NREM睡眠阶段中，自动的新陈代谢系统会独自控制呼吸，身体会利用更少的氧气产生更少的二氧化碳。同时，自动的新陈代谢系统对血液中二氧化碳和氧气的含量反应并不灵敏。在睡眠中呼吸控制的变化会导致两个结果。第一，睡着时呼吸可能会有短暂的停止或减少，因为睡眠者在睡眠和清醒之间徘徊，而这两种状态的控制系统不一样。第二，一旦得到了充足的睡眠，血液中二氧化碳含量升高而氧气含量降低，在NREM阶段也会持续这样。

【4】但这并不是全部的变化。在睡眠的所有阶段中，气道的一些变化已经被观察到了。睡眠时需要付出两倍的努力去呼吸，因为呼吸道气流的阻力会比较强并且用来呼吸的肌肉的效率会有变化。一些在呼吸时帮助保持上呼吸道通畅的肌肉在睡觉的时候会变得松弛，特别是在REM阶段(就是有快速眼部运动的睡眠阶段)。没有这种肌肉运动，呼吸空气就像从气球里吸气一样，狭窄的通道会面临崩溃。而且鼻子两侧的阻力也会周期性改变。如果有时候堵塞了“好”的一边，比如过敏和感冒引起的堵塞，阻力就会大大增加。与这些因素一起的是那些能够改变从鼻子到嘴巴的气流路径的肌肉之间失去了复杂的交互。

【5】其他呼吸调节机制在睡眠时显然要停止运作。比如说，在清醒时如果呼吸变得困难的话就会有一个立即自动适应性的呼吸增强(比如戴上面具呼吸)。但在NREM状态时完全不存在这样反射性的调节。在这种情况下，只有几次不充分的呼吸后使得血液中二氧化碳的含量显著提升以及氧气的含量降低，呼吸才会被调整过来。最后，咳嗽反应在应对呼吸道中刺激物时产生的不是睡觉时咳嗽而是呼吸停止。如果刺激物足够严重，睡着的人会醒来清理气道，然后继续呼吸很可能再度入睡。

【6】发生在REM时期的多余的呼吸变化比发生在NREM时期的呼吸变化更显著。REM的空气交换量要比NREM低，因为尽管REM中呼吸更加急促，但也更加没有规律，包括一些简短的浅呼吸或呼吸暂停。另外，REM时期的呼吸更多取决于横膈膜而不是胸腔的作用。

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托福阅读TPO33阅读原文

Extinction Episodes of the Past

【1】It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable excepti***. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extincti*** around the globe. The five major mass extincti*** receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during **aller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.

【2】Starting about 280 million years ago, reptiles were the dominant large animals in terrestrial environments. In popular language this was the era “when dinosaurs ruled Earth,” when a wide variety of reptile species occupying many ecological niches. However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of **all terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today. Paleontologists label this point in Earth’s history as the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period, often abbreviated as the K-T boundary. This time was also marked by changes in many other types of organi**s. Overall, about 38 percent of the families of marine animals were lost, with percentages much higher in some groups Ammonoid moll***s went from being very diverse and abundant to being extinct. An extremely abundant set of planktonic marine animals called foraminifera largely disappeared, although they rebounded later. Among plants, the K-T boundary saw a sharp but brief rise in the abundance of primitive vascular plants such as ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and conifers and other gymnosperms. The number of flowering plants (angiosperms) was reduced at this time, but they then began to increase dramatically.

【3】What caused these changes? For many years scientists assumed that a cooling of the climate was resp***ible, with dinosaurs being particularly vulnerable because, like modern reptiles, they were ectothermic (dependent on environmental heat, or cold-blooded). It is now widely believed that at least some species of dinosaurs had a metabolic rate high enough for them to be endotherms (animals that maintain a relatively c***istent body temperature by generating heat internally). Nevertheless, climatic explanati*** for the K-T extinction are not really challenged by the ideas that dinosaurs may have been endothermic, because even endotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate.

【4】Explanati*** for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years ago Earth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour. They believed that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth, shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels. Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires. In other words, a series of events arising from a single catacly**ic event caused the massive extincti***. Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. At locati*** around the globe, geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago. Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth’s su***ce, but it is abundant in some meteorites. Therefore, Alvarez and his colleagues concludedthat it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid. Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.

托福阅读TPO33阅读试题

1.The word "proliferation" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to

A.decline.

B.extinction.

C.increase.

D.migration.

2.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period?

A.Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.

B.Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.

C.The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.

D.Few microscopic species existed.

3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.

B.Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.

C.After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.

D.The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from **all terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.

4.According to paragraph 2, why are dinosaurs popularly said to have "ruled Earth" during the Cretaceous period?

A.Dinosaurs were the only species of reptile that existed during the whole of the Cretaceous period.

B.Dinosaurs won the battle for food resources over mammals during the Cretaceous period.

C.Dinosaurs survived extinction during the Cretaceous period, whereas many other animal species did not.

D.Dinosaurs were the physically and ecologically dominant animals during the Cretaceous period.

5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following species initially increased in number at the K-T boundary?

A.Dinosaurs.

B.Foraminifera.

C.Ferns.

D.Ammonoid moll***s.

6.Why does the author note that "even endotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate"(paragraph 3)?

A.To argue that there was a significant climate at the time that endothermic dinosaurs became extinct.

B.To argue that climate change caused some dinosaurs to evolve as endotherms.

C.To support the view that at least some of the dinosaurs that became extinct were endotherms.

D.To defend climate change as possible explanation for the extinction of dinosaurs.

7.The word "generated"(paragraph 4) in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.collected.

B.produced.

C.spread.

D.added.

8.The word "extensive"(paragraph 4) in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.widespread.

B.sudden.

C.numerous.

D.subsequent.

9.According to paragraph 4, all of the following contributed to the massive extincti*** of the K-T period EXCEPT:

A.tidal waves.

B.fires.

C.insufficient solar radiation.

D.iridium.

10.According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements explains the importance of the discovery of high levels of iridium rocks?

A.It provided evidence that overexposure to solar radiation led to the K-T extinction.

B.It showed that more than one catacly**ic event was resp***ible for the K-T extinction.

C.It suggested that the cause of the K-T extinction may have been a meteorite striking Earth.

D.It provided evidence that the K-T extinction occurred 65 million years ago.

11.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the Yucatan Peninsula?

A.The circular formation there was caused by a meteorite impact 65 million years ago.

B.Sedimentary rocks from that area have the lowest iridium concentration of any rocks on Earth.

C.There is evidence that a huge tidal wave occurred there 65 million years ago.

D.Evidence found there challenged the meteorite impact theory.

12.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the meteorite theory?

A.The data originally presented as evidence for the theory were eventually rejected.

B.Many scientists did not accept it when it was first proposed.

C.It has not been widely accepted as an explanation for the K-T extinction.

D.Alvarez subsequently revised it after a circular formation was found in the Yucatan Peninsula.

13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This focused on the chemical composition of ancient rocks.

Explanati*** for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years ago Earth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour. They believed that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth, shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels. Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires. In other words, a series of events arising from a single catacly**ic event caused the massive extincti***. ■【A】Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. ■【B】At locati*** around the globe, geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago. ■【C】Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth’s su***ce, but it is abundant in some meteorites. ■【D】Therefore, Alvarez and his colleagues concluded that it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid. Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.

14. Prose Summary

The K-T extinction 65 million years ago is the best known of the five major extinction episodes since the Cambrian period.

A.Collectively, the five major extinction episodes resulted in the elimination of a larger number of species than did all the minor extinction events.

B.The K-T extinction eliminated the dinosaurs and ammonoid moll***s but was followed by the diversification of mammals and gymnospermous plants.

C.An extreme cooling of the climate could not have caused the K-T extinction of dinosaurs, because, while most dinosaurs depended on environmental heat, some did not.

D.The K-T extinction of the dinosaurs is the only mass extinction that has been explained by the impact of a meteorite.

E.In 1980 Luis Alvarez proposed that the K-T extinction was caused by ecological disasters brought about by the impact of a meteorite striking Earth.

F.A high concentration of iridium in sedimentary rocks at the K-T boundary and a large impact crater in the Yucatan Peninsula from 65 million years ago strongly support Alvarez’ hypothesis.

托福阅读TPO33 阅读答案

1.proliferation，繁殖，激增，对应C。

2.推断题：定位句It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity.主要意思是直到寒武纪才能够监测生物多样性。言外之意就是在寒武纪之前就不能监测生物多样性，对应B选项。

3.解析句子简化题：该长句其实是2个长句的并列;主要分成2个意思：第一是没有任何一种生物能永远地统治，第二是恐龙灭亡之后，哺乳动物开始发展统治，且两层意思之间可以构成因果关系。所以只有B选项满足所有条件。

4.解析细节题：定位句Starting about 280 million years ago, reptiles were the dominant large animals in terrestrial environments. In popular language this was the era "when dinosaurs ruled Earth," when a wide variety of reptile species occupying many ecological niches.对应D选项。

5.解析细节题：定位句Paleontologists label this point in Earth’s history as the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period，often abbreviated as the K-T boundary. This time was also marked by changes in many other types of organi**s. Overall, about 38 percent of the families of marine animals were lost, with percentages much higher in some groups

Ammonoid moll***s went from being very diverse and abundant to being extinct.题干中的范围限定initially，因此只可能是Ammonoid moll***.选D。

6.解析修辞目的题：题干中的even甚至，表示程度的递进。定位句Nevertheless, climatic explanati*** for the L-T extinction are not really challenged by the ideas that dinosaurs may have been endothermic。即后半句的原因解释了气候理论为什么不被反驳。

7.generate，产生，选B。

8.extensive，广泛的，选A。

9.解析否定细节题：定位句 Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires. In other words, a series of events arising from a single catacly**ic event caused the massive extincti***.对应A选项，B选项。定位句 They believed that its impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth, shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels.意思是这种冲击产生了大量的厚尘云，遮蔽了天空和阳光。对应C选项。而D选项，iridium是有关灭绝的证据，但并非构成灭绝的原因。

10.解析细节题：定位句Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. At locati*** around the globe, geologists have found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago.意思是说小行星撞击理论一开始主要的证据就是在地球的岩石中发现了大量的iridium (铱)。因此其重要性就是说明该撞击理论是物种大灭绝的原因。

11.解析细节题：定位句Most scientists came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.意思是说在Yucatan Peninsula背岸的大坑是陨石撞击的结果。对应A选项。

12.解析推断题：定位句 Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. 一开始仅依赖于单一证据的理论，暗示了证据还不够充分。定位句 Most scientists came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation，180 kilometers in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.在环形坑证据出现之后大多数的科学家才开始接受小行星撞击理论，就是说一开始大多数科学家对该理论是持有怀疑态度的。即答案就是B。

13.解析句子插入题：给出的句子中出现了this的指代提示，表示前面的内容可能与石头的化学组成无关，而该句的下一句应该与化学组成有关。因此只有第二个方框满足条件。在第二个方框之后才出现了对于iridium的讨论。

14.The K-T extinction eliminated the dinosaurs and ammonoid moll***s but was followed by the diversification of mammals and gymnospermous plants.正确。对应第二段段落大意，没有永生的统治者，恐龙之后现在是哺乳动物和植物的天下。

In 1980 Luis Alvarez proposed that the K-T extinction was caused by ecological disasters brought about by the impact of a meteorite striking Earth.正确。对应第四段主旨：小行星撞击地球假说。

A high concentration of iridium in sedimentary rocks at the K-T boundary and a large impact crater in the Yucatan Peninsula from 65 million years ago strongly support Alvarez, hypothesis.正确。对应第四段解释小行星撞击地球假说的重要证据。一个证据是Iridium在地球岩石中的大量出现，另一个证据是巨大环形坑的发现。

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托福阅读考题中哪些话题最经典

一、把握阅读节奏，有效阅读
提高阅读速度当然是最大的武器，但是盲目追求速度快往往导致我们忽略重点，影响阅读质量。那么怎样才能在保证阅读速度的前提下提高阅读质量呢？我们知道，句子是由词组成的，但同一句话中的各个词的分量不尽相同，有的起着关键的作用。段落是由句子构成的，然而同一段落中的各个句子的分量也是不同的，有的是关键句、核心句，有的则起着辅助说明的作用，为阐述中心思想而服务。这些关键词、关键句表达的正是段落的重要信息，抓住了它们就等于抓住了段落的核心，就知道了什么地方应该加快速度，什么地方应该放慢速度，当然也就掌握了阅读节奏。也就是说，对于关键词和关键句应该慢读，做到充分理解，牢牢把握；而对非关键词和非关键句应加快阅读速度，抢出时间，用以反复阅读重点句或归纳总结。所以，把握阅读的节奏成了有效阅读的关键。那么接下来，朗阁海外考试研究中心的老师将对新托福口语第三题和第四题逐一做出分析和讲解，教大家如何把握阅读的节奏。
二、把握阅读节奏之第三题
第三题属于校园场景，阅读材料按内容可以划分成两种：学校通告(Announcement)和个人建议(Letter/Proposal)。两者虽然在内容上不同，但文章结构是一致的。这是一个好现象，因为我们可以通过固定的文章结构来快速判断主旨句的位置。其实，学校的通告也好，个人的建议也罢，都符合西方人开门见山的表达习惯。换言之，无论是什么内容的材料，主旨句通常出现在前两句。这给我们提供了很大的便利，因为我们可以以此来提高我们的阅读速度。我们先来看一则学校通告的例子：
Required Work Experience
The business studies department at State University will now require all students enrolled in its program to complete one semester of work experience in a local corporation or **all business. It is felt that students will benefit from this work experience by developing leadership and organizational skills that would not normally be learned in a classroom or campus setting. Furthermore, the relati***hip that students establish with the company that they work for may help them to secure permanent employment with that company once they have completed the program and graduated.
我们拿到一段材料通常第一件事是看标题，因为那能帮助我们快速掌握材料的主旨，所以我们知道本题的主旨与work experience有关，接下来就剩细节了。通过刚才讲过的方法，我们知道主旨句一定在前两句，所以我们稍微放慢速度阅读前两句。通过题目一开始的旁白我们已经知道这是一篇学校通告，所以为了提升速度，我们快速跳过一些“虚词”，包括学校名称、院系、以及表示“要求”、“建议”等意思的词。因为这些词在大部分的学校通告材料中出现且无实际意义，所以我们可以快速略过。那本题中，我们只需要仔细阅读第一行require后面的内容就可以了。这时我们的工作量就又减少了，速度也就提升了。通过阅读我们发现，本题的主旨就在第一句，所以赶紧记下来关键词（动词、名词优先），保证主旨句有分。
下面我们再来看一个个人建议的例子：
University Should Pave Running Trails
The university has about three miles of unpaved dirt running trails that pass through the forest near campus. I think these trails should be paved with cement. One reason for paving the trails would be to increase their safety. When it rains, the dirt turns to mud and becomes very slippery, so the runners who use them can slip and fall. Pavement would solve this problem. Also, paving would make the trails look nicer, which would encourage students to use them. Bumps in the trial would be **oothed out and weeds would be paved over, ****** the trail more attractive to runners.
Sincerely Sally Jacobs
个人建议的阅读材料更容易判断主旨句，我们只需要快速找到第一人称I或We出现的一句就OK了。根据技巧，我们找到本题的主旨就是I think these trails should be paved with cement。但是为了答案更具体更完整，我们应该把句中的these指代的内容找出来，根据指代原则，我们从第一句找到了unpaved dirt running trails。所以，本题的主旨就是The student suggests that the unpaved dirt running trails should be paved with cement。这样就可以快速搞定主旨句了。
然而，光找主旨是不够的，我们还需要找出除了主旨之外的重点。这个重点通常包括学校做法或个人建议的原因、目的、功能、作用等，而且大部分情况下都是两点。我们怎么能快速准确地定位到这两点呢？很简单，通过表示列举和增补关系的连接词，或起到连接性作用的短语等，包括：First, one reason, on one hand, in addition, additionally, also, furthermore, moreover, what’s more, another reason/purpose/benefit等。我们应该首先快速定位这些词，这样能帮我们立即找到两点原因。就拿刚才的例子来说，我们能迅速地发现One reason for paving the trails would be to increase their safety和Also, paving would make the trails look nicer, which would encourage students to use them。做到这，我们的任务基本就完成了。接下来我们稍微放慢速度阅读这两句，记下关键词。如果还剩其他的句子，都只是起辅助作用的内容，快速阅读即可。如果还剩时间，我们应该把所找的重点再反复阅读，加深理解。
当然，阅读材料并不是绝对的固定结构。有时我们在文中发现不了上述提到的连接词的时候，只能逐句阅读，抓紧记下一点原因之后，快速阅读剩余句子，先判断一下是否与已记下的内容雷同，如果没有不同的点可以记，我们只能判断本题只有一个原因了。比如下列一段材料：
Housing Renovati*** Planned
Over the last ten years, the number of Central College students living on campus in dormitories has decreased by twenty percent. In an effort to counteract the trend, the college has announced a plan to renovate its on-campus housing. The renovati*** will take two years, and they will include improvements to the bathrooms, lighting, and heating in the dormitories. “A lot of people are moving off campus because the dorms aren’t in great shape,” explained the college president. “By renovating the dorms, we can make them more appealing than off-campus housing, and more students will choose to remain on campus.”
我们可以发现，本段没有上述链接词，也没有明显的分层，通过阅读我们发现文章一再地提到学生搬出校园以及翻修宿舍的目的是为了吸引学生住校。所以我们能肯定本题的原因就是“吸引学生住校”。所以，通过有快有慢、有重点有技巧的阅读，我们就绝不会落下得分点。
三、把握阅读节奏之第四题
第四题属于学术场景，阅读材料是关于一个学术名词的解释。这个学术名词或是某种现象，亦或是某种做法，专业涉及心理学、商业、社会学、艺术等。与第三题不同的是，本题的阅读段落并没有第三题那么固定，所以在找得分点方面给我们增加了难度，阅读速度也因此会受到影响。不过主旨句（也就是对专有名词的解释）总归有它的特点，我们大致可以把主旨句分为三种情况。
第一种情况是要解释的学术名词首次完整在段落中出现的一句话就是主旨句，就是对这个名词的解释。所以我们拿到阅读段落的时候应该首先快速扫描学术名词，第一次出现这个名词的那一句就是对这个词的解释。比如下面一个例子：
The Establishing Shot
Film directors use different types of camera shots for specific purposes. An establishing shot is an image shown briefly at the beginning of a scene, usually taken from far away. That is used to provide context for the rest of the scene. One purpose of the establishing shot is to communicate back ground information to the viewer, such as setting--where and when the rest of the scene will occur. It also establishes the mood feeling of the scene. Due to the context that the establishing shot provides, the characters and events that are shown next are better understood by the viewer.
本段落要解释的名词是establishing shot，所以我们快速在文中找这个学术名词首次完整出现的句子。很快我们就能定位第二句符合这个规则，那么接下来就要放慢速度阅读理解这句话的意思。通过阅读我们能判定这就话就是主旨句，所以应该快速记下相应的笔记。
当然，很多时候我们发现主旨句并不是这个学术名词第一次出现的句子；相反地，它们第一次出现的句子是一个概括性的，导入性的句子，那么这个时候我们就应该判断这属于第二种情况，就是主旨句出现在导入性句子的后面，比如：
Entertainment Merchandising
An effective, widely used marketing practice in the entertainment industry is entertainment merchandising. Entertainment merchandising is a form of marketing in which the brand or image from one product is also used to sell another. The practice of entertainment merchandising often occurs in connection with movies and television shows, especially those associated with children. For example, the success of a popular children’s television show may result in the marketing of toys that are designed to look like characters in the show. Or the situation may be reversed when a children’s television show is written to include characters that are based on already-popular toys.
我们通过第一种方法能快速定位到第一句是这个学术名词首次完整出现的句子，但是通过阅读我们发现这句话并没有解释什么是entertainment merchandising, 而是说有一种做法叫做entertainment merchandising, 所以我们知道了这句话只起一个导入性的作用。那么接下来我们就抓紧看下一句，通常下一句就是对这个名词的解释。而通过阅读我们发现第二句就正好解释了这个词的意思，所以应该快速记下笔记。
当然，有时候除了上述情况，我们还能碰到第三种情况：我们找到的学术名词第一次出现的一句话既不是主旨句也不是导入性的句子，而是一个总结性的句子。这些句子的标志语往往是this is known/seen/referred to as xxx, this is what we call xxx, these behaviors are xxx等。比如下面这个例子：
Comfort Zone Bias
Psychologists have found that when people make important decision, they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”; that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situati***, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones. This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias. When people are reasonably content, they often decide not to pursue a new opportunity, even if it attracts them and offers more advantages. Psychologists believe that the comfort zone bias exists not only because we have a natural preference for what we already know, but also because we want to avoid taking risks.
这个段落中我们能快速定位到第四行，也就是第二句‘This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias’是学术名词comfort zone bias首次完整出现的一句，但是我们知道这一句并不是解释，而是总结说“这种趋势”叫做comfort zone bias，这时我们就要去前面找“这种趋势”究竟是哪种趋势。所以我们往前读一句，发现when people make important decision, they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”; that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situati***, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones就是本文的主旨句。
朗阁海外考试研究中心的老师研究总结了大量的真题，发现第四题的阅读基本都适用这三种情况，所以考生们可以按照这种方法提高阅读速度。接下来，找完主旨句，我们就需要判断还有没有其他得分点需要记。与第三题的阅读不同，第四题的阅读不一定都有两个原因或目的这样的细节可以记，所以考生要自己判断是否有这样的内容。比如刚才我们举过的establishing shot的例子，文章中有很明显的标志词one purpose和also，所以我们立即就能决定记下这两个点。而像另外两篇文章，我们并不能立即发现有特点的细节，所以考生只能快速阅读剩下的句子。在这里我们需要注意的是，第四题如果想拿比较高的分数，对阅读文章的精确概括十分重要。除了主旨句应该记哪些内容而不记哪些内容十分考验考生的能力，所以关于第四题的阅读材料笔记内容老师会另外讨论，不在这里详细解释了。
而关于主旨句的记录，许多同学不确定在找出主旨句之后应该记哪些词不记哪些词。我们先来看看两个例子。
1. An establishing shot is an image shown briefly at the beginning of a scene, usually taken from far away.
本句是文章的主旨句，我们发现它其实不算长，所以这种情况我们直接记全句。记全句的好处就是在你看不懂的前提下保证你在复述的时候拿到一定的分数。
2. Psychologists have found that when people make important decision, they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”; that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situati***, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones. This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias.
这个例子里主旨句太长，我们不可能全都记下来，所以只需要记有用的内容，一些“虚词”和重复的内容都可以省略。比如，Psychologists have found that只是起一个导入的作用，真正重要的是心理学家发现了什么，所以这几个词是空话，是废话，所以我们不记。接下来，文章对they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”做出了解释，也就是they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situati***, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones，所以这两句意思一样，我们只记后一句更具体的解释，所以目前我们需要记的就是when people make important decision, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situati***, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones。学过语法和逻辑的同学知道，rather than表示这个词组之前的内容重要而之后的内容不重要，所以我们没有时间的话就可以省略rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones这些内容。这么一来，我们最终需要记录的就只剩下when people make important decision, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situati***，我们的任务就简单多了，复述起来也不浪费时间了。
以上我们讨论的这些技巧都需要考生们多做练习，只有不断练习这些技巧才能真正提高阅读速度，把握文章重点，在考试时才能沉着冷静地记录好阅读文章的内容，复述时才能省时省事还能确保得到理想的分数。

详解托福阅读的解题技巧和训练方法

在托福阅读考试中，有好的训练方法和一定量的解题技巧，可以为你的托福阅读得到高分。那具体这些解题技巧和方法我们应该如何应用到平时的练习中去呢?下面我就为大家整理了这些，希望可以帮助到大家，快来一起学习吧。

详解托福阅读的解题技巧和训练方法

1.每一篇文章第一次做时，尽量按照考试速度要求做。

2.做完后，接下来就要认真把文章读一遍，划出把文章里不懂的单词和长难句，查出单词意思，(借助语法知识)认真分析长难句，同时还要把错题(包括碰巧猜对的题目)认真分析，特别是OG和汉客笔记的题目(还有北极星最后几套ETS出的题目)，一定要把题目涉及的文章内容仔细看，甚至在文章中划出涉及考题的内容，培养对易出题的考点的感觉，甚至揣摩ETS的出题思路。等到这些工作都做完，这篇文章也就基本吃透了，这时再重新把文章读一遍，最好多读两遍。这个过程其实就是精读了。只要时间允许，做过一次的阅读文章最好都尽量精读，吃透它。光作对题只是一个浅显的要求，就像只顾吃饭，对材料认真分析、精读才是真正消化吸收。

3.等过了三五天，或者两三周以后，有空的话再把这篇文章看(做)一遍，作为巩固，复习，而且有时还会温故知新。

P.S 如果时间不足，OG的文章是一定要精读的，而且题目也要仔细研究，这是出题思路和考试最为接近的资料。这些原则在新托福阅读其实也是同样适用的，只要文章中出现如下内容，都要引起注意：举例证明，罗列式例举，转折(否定)，因果，下定义，比较级(最高级)，同位语(插入语)，数字年代，特殊标点(引号，破折号等)。

阅读具体的做题顺序

阅读最基本的做题顺序有两种：先读(全篇)文章再做题;先读题目再读文章(相应部分)然后做题

它们又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序：读一段文章，做相应的题目，然后再读一段，再做相应的题目;读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题

对于广大非牛来说，可能“读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题”会比较合适，读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和结构，做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”，但是这种做法不利于对全文的消化吸收，从而不利于做总结题，也可能会遗漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。而新托福目前反馈大都是顺序出题的，所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目，再读一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢，可以对文章有全面的把握，虽然总量上还是要读完全文，但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通读全文再做题目小很多。

托福阅读题型破解

阅读一般来说是中国人的强项了，也是拿分的主力。如果你口语不牛，作文一般，还想考到100分，那么阅读应该保证在28分以上。(我认为对于多数人来说，要达到一百分，28，26，22，24这个结构是比较容易达到的。)

在IBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。在后面的文章里我会结合实例解释这一点。

关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。在此问题上我与有的朋友也有过争执。我个人习惯是先用5—7分钟的时间通读全文，然后平均每个问题有1分钟的时间来回答。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。我认为这样准确率比较高。但有的朋友本着居家过日子的心，认为1000多字的文章只出十几个题，必然有一些信息是没用的。这样通读全文就会浪费掉一些时间，不如先看题再回去找来的痛快。对此我不好妄加评论。每个人都应该通过考前大量的练习来制定出最为适合自己的方法。

关于复习的时间安排。我认为，弄完词汇以后，就应该着手突击一下阅读了。如今各种各样的模拟题犹如英语辅导班一样大量涌现。不会出现我们早期考生有题舍不得做的情况了。但也不能太急功近利，单词没弄好就硬上阅读，有时候会适得其反。用1周的时间大量的突击，也是对单词的一个巩固。找到感觉以后就可以开始下面的复习了。复习听力口语作文的日子里，每天一定要最少做3篇文章的题量，按照考试的时间要求，千万不可放松。做得多了，就可以把阅读当作一种放松了。ETS的阅读文章能教给我们各种学科的基础知识。(这与GRE有区别。托福的专业性文章还都处于一个启蒙的专业水平上，不像G那么变)阅读还可以教给我们一些老美的思路，老美看待问题的方式。阅读不会像你想象的那样痛苦的。

无论是OG还是Delta，都把阅读的题目分成十类，即：Understanding Facts and Details, IdentifyingNegative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences,Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence(Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information. 我将按顺序一一解释。

还有很重要的一点，做题的时候，无论考试还是练习，不光要分析对的选项为什么对，更要分析错的选项为什么错。有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。有助于你把握出题的思路，培养感觉。这是非常有用的。

托福阅读词汇实践出高分

有些人在复习托福阅读一开始就抱着词汇书背，我认为那样做背起来特别容易忘，而且还到实际中还不知道怎么用。其实不妨这样做，那一开始就做真题，就像摸考一样，然后在对答案的时候，遇到的不懂得单词，再看那些跟着每一套阅读真题的单词(有一些书就是跟着每套题的单词，全篇翻译都有的)，这时候再背单词，做一套，背一套，大概这样做上4、5套题，你的感觉就是，大体主要的单词也就是这些了，那你就提高到一个境界了。

而且复习托福阅读真题让你对真题书而有熟，是一举几得的事。我就是这么做的，是清华的一个家伙介绍给我的，真是不错，现在大概复习有1个多月了，错题数能控制在2个以内。当然另外，还要注意一点，那就是一个阅读的方法问题，我也想说一下，希望对大家有用。

托福阅读备考的方法

其实快速阅读的技巧在掌握文章的思路，使整篇文章的段落层次，清晰在大脑中展现。

在读第一段时，特别是第一句，往往给我们一个大致的思路，文章的论题是什么，作者想说什么?然后第二段的第一句，然后在想一想作者下面又想讲什么，这一段里有没有什么重要的细节。然后第三段，又讲了什么，这里面的重要细节又是什么。

几段下来，每次读的时候都要来个小小的总结。各个段落的目的是什么，主题又是什么?这样，在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图，在脑子里或者在草稿纸上画一个文章的结构思路题。

在回答问题前，花几秒钟总结一下文章大意，它的思路和主题。

再次提醒，TOEFL考察的是你的答题能力而非阅读能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章，了解文章中的每一个细节。(其实，你也没有那么多时间)。相反，你应该只读文章段落的第1句，而快速浏览其余部分。当你"读"完这篇文章时，你就能对文章的结构思路有总体的把握。

答题。根据你对文章的整体思路来答题。将问题(或选项)定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子。因为你这样做完，你会觉得每一段的思路、脉络都会非常清晰，做题的时候，就可以很快找到出题点，而且对于偏离主题的题一眼就能看出，主题词就会显得格外明显。而实际中每一次的小结只需要几秒钟的一个停顿就可以，大家不妨试试，就会明白了。

需要注意的是，复习的时候，一定要看原文章，将文章通读，遇到忘了的单词，在重新回来查书上的解释，然后再背。这样背过的单词就不再是一个个孤立的单词，而且也省去了枯燥背单词的时间，更主要的是，这样背过的单词，你会对这个词的用法很熟悉，不容易忘，或者就像有些人所说的，明明在单词表里觉得挺熟的词，到了真正的阅读中，又会觉得很生疏，或者不能立刻反映出它的意思了。

托福阅读备考时大家要在做托福阅读真题的同时理解背诵单词，这样才能进一步加强托福阅读学习的质量，希望对大家有帮助。

托福阅读真题1

Glass fibers have a long history. The Egyptians made coarse fibers by 1600 B.C., and fibers survive as decorati*** on Egyptian pottery dating back to 1375 B.C. During the Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries A.D.), glas**akers from Venice used glass fibers to decorate the su***ces of plain glass vessels. However, glas**akers guarded their ******s so carefully that no one wrote about glass fiber production until the early seventeenth century.

The eighteenth century brought the invention of spun glass fibers. R é ne-Antoine de R é a French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from glass. He made fibers by rotating a wheel through a pool of molten glass, pulling threads of glass where the hot thick liquid stuck to the wheel. His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted that spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be woven into fabric.

By the start of the nineteenth century, glas**akers learned how to make longer, stronger fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot glass tube. Inventors wound the cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber from the molten glass. Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at fairs, ****** decorati*** and ornaments as novelties for collectors, but this material was of little practical use; the fibers were brittle, ragged, and no longer than ten feet, the circumference of the largest reels. By the mid-1870’s, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate hats. Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow-orange glass looked golden.

Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930’s, when their thermal and electrical insulating properties were appreciated and methods for producing continuous filaments were developed. In the modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed directly from a glass-melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams. As they solidify, the streams of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a reel.

1. Which of the following aspects of glass fiber does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The major developments in its production

(B) Its relati***hip with pottery ******

(D) The variety of its uses in modern industry

2. The word coarse in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) decorative

(B) natural

(D) weak

3. Why was there nothing written about the ****** of Renaissance glass fibers until the seventeenth century?

(A) Glas**akers were unhappy with the quality of the fibers they could make.

(B) Glas**akers did not want to reveal the methods they used.

(D) Production methods had been well known for a long time.

4. According to the passage , using a hot glass tube rather than a wheel to pull fibers from molten

glass made the fibers

(A) quicker to cool

(B) harder to bend

(D) longer and more durable

5. The phrase this material in line 16 refers to

(A) glass fibers

(B) decorati***

(D) novelties for collectors

6. The word brittle in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) easily broken

(B) roughly made

(D) shiny

7. The production of glass fibers was improved in the nineteenth century by which of the

following

(A) Adding silver to the molten glass

(B) Increasing the circumference of the glass tubes

(D) Using yarn reels

8. The word appreciated in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) experienced

(B) recognized

(D) increased

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) invention (line 7)

(B) circumference (line 17)

(D) bushing (line 25)

PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD

托福阅读真题2

Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many that were once c***idered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varèse(1 883-1965) called thus the liberation of sound...the right to make music with any and all sounds. Electronic music, for example — made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and electronic instruments — may include sounds that in the past would not have been c***idered musical. Environmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and nonelectronic instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments. A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a pianist may reach inside the piano to p**** a string and then run a metal blade along it. In the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositi***. Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments that used to be couriered unconventional in Western music — tom-toms, bongos, slapsticks, maracas—are widely used.

In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of microtones. Non-western music typically divides and interval between two pitches more finely than western music does, thereby producing a greater number of distinct tones, or microtones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Penderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters — closely spaced tones played together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has taken on new importance as well. Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium.

Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovati***, recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The use of nontraditional sounds in contemporary music

(B) How sounds are produced electronically

(D) Several composers who have experimented with the electronic production of sound

2. The word wider in one 1 is closest in meaning to more impressive

(A) more distinctive

(B) more controversial

(D) more impressive

3. The passage suggests that Edgard Var è se is an example of a composer who

(A) criticized electronic music as too noiselike

(B) modified sonic of the electronic instruments he used in his music

(D) wrote music with environmental themes

4. The word it in line 12 refers to

(A) piano

(B) string

(D) music

5. According to the passage , which of the following types of instruments has played a role in

much of the innovation in western music?

(A) string

(B) percussion

(D) brass

6. The word thereby in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) in return for

(B) in spite of

(D) by that means

7. According to the passage , Krzysztof Penderecki is known for which of the following practices?

(A) Using tones that are clumped together

(B) Combining traditional and nontradinonal instruments

(D) Playing Western music for non-Western audiences

8. According to the passage , which of the following would be c***idered traditional elements of

Western music?

(A) microtones

(B) tom-toms and bongos

(D) hisses

9. In paragraph 3, the author menti*** diagrams as an example of a new way to

(A) chart the history of innovation in musical notation

(B) explain the logic of standard musical notation

(D) indicate how particular sounds should be produced

PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD

求托福阅读100篇文本的中文翻译

托福阅读常考的10中题型（细节题、排除题、推断题、修辞目的题、词汇题、指代题、句子简化题、插入句子题、文章内容小结题和图表题）前六中题型是从老托福附中继承下来的，建议前6题型采用老托福试题集训练。老托福阅读100篇文本【英文+译文】，我这里有，你可以通过加入小马托福：5260961865，这个群，我会将压缩文件发给你，这个群里面全部是2015年参加托福考试的考生，对于其中不会的题目或者疑难问题，可以随时提问，大家一起交流。

tpo和托福真题的区别

许多同学在备考托福时会用到tpo，那么这二者是否有区别呢，有的话又体现在哪呢?下面就来说说tpo和托福真题的区别，千万别错过!
一. 区别
TPO是根据考试趋势不断更新的，所以在难度方面，最新的TPO是最接近真实考试难度的，而早期的TPO，例如TPO 1-20，难度系数比托福主题要低。让我们从听和读两个方面来详细了解一下。
1. 听力
这两种听力材料都同样难做，但是真题的听力难度会比较难，TPO的题目比较简单，因为真题的细节在原文中考察的比较多，很难把握，而且真题的选项很容易混淆。
2. 阅读
TPO阅读几乎和真题阅读一样困难。文章和问题都一样难，有些TPO的阅读题更难。虽然从整体上看，大陆考生的阅读成绩是最好的，但我们还是不能对阅读掉以轻心，要注意把握细节和小结论。
二.如何有效地使用TPO
1. 听力理解
第一#，做问题和答案，根据考试要求，听问题然后开始做，适应考试的节奏。
第二，比较题目看你是否能听到正确的答案。然后分析第一次没有听到的原因。
第三，是检查所有错误的题目，分析题目类型，总结原因，避免下次再犯同样错误。
第四，听听力并做笔记，尤其是在讲座部分。看看你记住了多少，是否能根据笔记推测出细节。
第五，仔细听并理解每一个单词。坚持练习，这样你就能理解句子中的每个单词。
2. 阅读部分
第一#，根据考试时间做阅读，改正错误完成试题的时间不应超过20分钟，提前掌握考试节奏，做完后对照正确答案纠错。
第二，阅读文章，找出你不明白的地方。找到后，在上面做上标记，找出原因，这样下次你就能快速理解类似的句子了。
第三，把握住文章的框架，为主题服务，另外对主题的总结也需要做到快速准确。
第四，及时分析错误的问题，避免下次再错，这类问题不能存在侥幸心理，也要及时分析。

托福阅读真题:TPO11原文及答案

TPO模考工具是我没复习托福非常好的帮手，属于我们一定要好好利用，下面我给大家带来托福阅读真题:TPO11原文及答案，欢迎阅读参考！

托福阅读真题:TPO11原文

Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians’ view of the world and the functi*** and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questi*** has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.

The majority of three-dimensional representati***, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functi*** of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual acti***. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, ****** it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pyl***, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process. The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and ****r than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.

Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representati*** that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. The function of these is quite different. Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of acti***, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and ****** music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.

Paragraph 1: In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians’ view of the world and the functi*** and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questi*** has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.

托福阅读真题:TPO11题目

1. The word “vital” in the passage is closest in meaning to

attractive

essential

usual

practical

2. Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks

a realistic sense of human body proportion

a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes

the originality of European art

the capacity to show the human body in motion

3. In paragraph 1, the author menti*** all of the following as necessary in appreciating Egyptian art EXCEPT an understanding of

the reas*** why the art was made

the nature of aristocratic Egyptian beliefs

the influences of Egyptian art on later art such as classical Greek art

how the art was used

Paragraph 2: The majority of three-dimensional representati***, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functi*** of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual acti***. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, ****** it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pyl***, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

4. According to paragraph 2, why are Egyptian statues portrayed frontality?

To create a psychological effect of distance and isolation

To allow them to fulfill their important role in ceremonies of Egyptian life

To provide a contrast to statues with a decorative function

To suggest the rigid, unchanging Egyptian philosophical attitudes

5. The word “context” in the passage is closest in meaning to

connection

influence

environment

requirement

6. The author menti*** “an architectural setting” in the passage in order to

suggest that architecture was as important as sculpture to Egyptian artists

offer a further explanation for the frontal pose of Egyptian statues

explain how the display of statues replaced other forms of architectural decoration

illustrate the religious function of Egyptian statues

7. The word “they” in the passage refers to

statues

gateways

temples

pillared courts

Paragraph 3: Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process. The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and ****r than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.

8. According to paragraph 3, why were certain areas of a stone statue left uncarved?

To prevent damage by providing physical stability

To emphasize that the material was as important as the figure itself

To emphasize that the figure was not meant to be a real human being

To provide another artist with the chance to finish the carving

9. The word “core” in the passage is closest in meaning to

material

layer

center

frame

10. According to paragraph 3, which of the following statements about wooden statues is true?

Wooden statues were usually larger than stone statues.

Wooden statues were made from a single piece of wood.

Wooden statues contained pieces of metal or stone attached to the front.

Wooden statues had a different effect on the viewer than stone statues.

Paragraph 4: Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representati*** that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. The function of these is quite different. Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of acti***, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and ****** music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.

11. The word depicts in the passage is closest in meaning to

imagines

classifies

elevates

portrays

12. According to paragraph 4, what is the difference between statues that represent the Egyptian elite and statues that represent the nonelite classes?

Statues of the elite are included in tombs, but statues of the nonelite are not.

Statues of the elite are in motionless poses, while statues of the nonelite are in active poses.

Statues of the elite are shown standing, while statues of the nonelite are shown sitting or kneeling.

Statues of the elite serve an important function, while statues of the nonelite are decorative.

13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

In fact, it is the action and not the figure itself that is important.

Where would the sentence best fit?

14.Directi***: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The distinctive look of ancient Egyptian sculpture was determined largely by its function.

Answer Choices

The twisted forms of Egyptian statues indicate their importance in ritual acti***.

The reason Egyptian statues are motionless is linked to their central role in cultural rituals.

Stone, wood, and metal statues all display the feature of frontality.

Statues were more often designed to be viewed in isolation rather than placed within buildings.

The contrasting poses used in statues of elite and nonelite Egyptians reveal their difference in social status.

Although the appearances of formal and generic statues differ, they share the same function.

托福阅读真题:TPO11答案

1. 2

2. 4

3. 3

4. 2

5. 3

6. 2

7. 1

8.1

9. 3

10. 4

11. 4

12. 2

13. 4

14. The reason Egyptian

Stone, wood, and

The contrasting poses

托福阅读真题:TPO11原文及答案相关文章：

★ 11.26托福考试解析之一:独立口语和写作

托福TPO3阅读真题原文及答案翻译Part3

　　托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面我给大家整理了托福TPO3阅读真题原文Part3，望喜欢！

托福TPO3阅读真题原文Part3

　　The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems

　　Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term "succession" to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes-in plant numbers and the mix of species-are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

　　An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organi**s that compose the ecosystem.

　　At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate c***iderable damage from weather to pests.

　　The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what "stability" means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be c***idered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.

　　Even the kind of stability defined as ****** lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability-just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a ****** system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.

　　Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.

　　Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organi**s than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.

　　Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term "succession" to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes-in plant numbers and the mix of species-are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

　　托福TPO3阅读真题题目Part3

　　1. The word "particular" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○natural

　　○final

　　○specific

　　○complex

　　2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?

　　○They occur at the end of a succession.

　　○They last longer than any other type of community.

　　○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.

　　○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.

　　Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organi**s that compose the ecosystem.

　　3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?

　　○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.

　　○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced.

　　○Individual organi**s are stable from one year to the next.

　　○A change in the members of an organi** does not affect an ecosystem’s properties.

　　Paragraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate c***iderable damage from weather to pests.

　　4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?

　　○Pioneer communities

　　○Climax communities

　　○Single-crop farmlands

　　○Successional plant communities

　　Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what "stability" means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be c***idered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.

　　5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?

　　○The reas*** for ecosystem change are not always clear.

　　○Ecologists often confuse the word "stability" with the word "resilience."

　　○The exact meaning of the word "stability" is debated by ecologists.

　　○There are many different answers to ecological questi***.

　　6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?○They are more resilient than pioneer communities.

　　○They can be c***idered both the most and the least stable communities.

　　○They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.

　　○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.

　　Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as ****** lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability-just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a ****** system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.

　　7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?

　　○They become less stable as they mature.

　　○They support many species when they reach climax.

　　○They are found in temperate zones.

　　○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.

　　8. The word "guarantee" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○increase

　　○ensure

　　○favor

　　○complicate

　　9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that "A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle"?

　　○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example

　　○To dem***trate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situati***

　　○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity

　　○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems

　　Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.

　　10. The word "pales" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○increases proportionally

　　○differs

　　○loses significance

　　○is common

　　Paragraph 7: Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organi**s than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacentcommunity. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.

　　11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.

　　○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.

　　○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organi**s as patchy environments.

　　○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organi**s.

　　12.The word "adjacent" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○foreign

　　○stable

　　○fluid

　　○neighboring

　　Paragraph 6: █Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. █The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. █We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. █

　　13.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.

　　Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

　　14.Directi***: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time.

　　●

　　Answer choices

　　○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.

　　○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.

　　○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.

　　○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.

　　○Disagreements over the meaning of the term "stability" make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.

　　○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans

　　托福TPO3阅读真题答案Part3

　　参***：

　　1. ○3

　　2. ○3

　　3. ○1

　　4. ○2

　　5. ○3

　　6. ○2

　　7. ○3

　　8. ○2

　　9. ○1

　　10. ○3

　　11. ○4

　　12. ○4

　　13. ○2

　　14. A high degree of species diversity

　　The level of resilience in

　　Disagreements over the

　　托福TPO3阅读翻译Part3

　　参考翻译：生态系统的长期稳定

　　植物群体可以自由地聚集，它们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。生态学家使用"演替"来诠释植物群落和生态系统随着时间推移所发生的变化。演替中的第一个群落被称作先锋群落，而处于演替最后那个长期生存的群落被称为顶极群落。先锋群落和紧接着的植物群落的变化周期是从1到500年不等，植物数量和混合种类数量的变化是慢慢积累的。顶极群落本身也改变，但其变化周期超过500年。

　　现代一个研究池塘的生态学会发现池塘在一年当中相对而言是不变的。个别鱼类可能被替换，但年复一年鱼的总数都趋于一致。也就是说，一个生态系统自身的属性要比由单一生物体组成的生态系统更稳定。

　　生态学家们一度认为物种的多样性使生态系统稳定，生态系统物种越多样则生态系统越稳定。通过观察得出的结论支持了这个观点，长期持久的顶极群落通常要比先锋群落具备更为复杂的食物网和更多的物种。生态学家家们得出的结论是：顶点生态系统的稳定性明显取决于他们的复杂化程度。举个极端的例子，在单一作物的农田中，一年的恶劣天气或单一害虫的入侵就可以摧毁所有作物。与此相反，在一个复杂的顶极群落里，如温带森林，他们便可以抵御来自气候和害虫的干扰和入侵。

　　不管怎样，生态系统稳定性的问题非常复杂。首先，不是所有的生态学家都赞同"稳定"的含义。稳定性可以简单地定义为缺乏变化。如果是这样的话，顶极群落将被视为最稳定的，因为根据定义，他们随着时间推移而变化得最少。另外，稳定性也可以界定为生态系统在经历了严重破坏之后回复原貌的速度，比如火灾。这种稳定性也被称作弹性。在这种情况下，顶极群落将是最脆弱和最不稳定的，因为他们可能需要数百年时间才能恢复到顶点状态。

　　即使是这种被定义为简单地缺乏变化的稳定性并非总是与最多样的物种联系起来。至少在温带地区，会经常在演替过程中发现最多物种，而不是在顶极群落中。例如，红杉树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少。一般来说，多样性本身并不能保证稳定性(事实上正相反)，生态系统的数学模型也可以得出同样的结论。一个更复杂的系统可能比一个简单的系统更容易被破坏(一个十五速的赛车比一个孩子的三轮车更容易损坏)。

　　生态学家们更想弄清楚到底哪些因素有助于促成群落的恢复，因为世界各地的顶极群落都因为人类活动而遭受到严重的损坏或毁坏。就像美国西北部圣海伦火山的猛烈喷发所造成的破坏，在人类活动对环境造成的破坏面前也相形见绌。我们必须了解对群落抵抗、破坏和恢复来说哪些是最重要的。

　　现在的很多生态学家们认为，顶极群落相对长期的稳定性并非来自于多样性，而是来自环境的"补缀"，随处变化的环境比始终如一的环境更有利于多种有机体的生存。当地物种灭亡后，马上就会被相邻群落的移民取代。即便是另一种不同的物种，他们也可以填补那些已灭绝生物的空缺，并保持食物网的完整。

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